Perspectives and experiences of kidney transplant recipients with graft failure: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplant recipients with graft failure are a rapidly rising cohort of patients who experience high morbidity, mortality, and fragmented transitions of care between transplant and dialysis teams. Current approaches to improving care focus on medical and surgical interventions, increasing re-transplantation, and improving coordination between treating teams with little understanding of patient needs and perspectives. METHODS: We undertook a systematic literature review of personal experiences of patients with graft failure. Six electronic and five grey literature databases were searched systematically. Of 4664 records screened 43 met the inclusion criteria. Six empirical qualitative studies and case studies were included in the final analysis. Thematic synthesis was used to combine data that included the perspectives of 31 patients with graft failure and 9 caregivers. RESULTS: Using the Transition Model, we isolated three interconnected phases as patients transition through graft failure: shattering of lifestyle and plans associated with a successful transplant; physical and psychological turbulence; and re-alignment by learning adaptive strategies to move forward. Critical factors affecting coping included multi-disciplinary healthcare approaches, social support, and individual-level factors. While clinical transplant care was evaluated positively, participants identified gaps in the provision of information and psychosocial support related to graft failure. Graft failure had a profound impact on caregivers especially when they were living donors. CONCLUSIONS: Our review reports patient-identified priorities for improving care and can help inform research and guideline development that strives to improve the care of patients with graft failure.

Health System-Level Barriers to Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: Protocol for a Comparative Case Study Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is the best treatment option for patients with kidney failure and offers significant medical and economic advantages for both patients and health systems. Despite this, rates of LDKT in Canada have stagnated and vary significantly across Canadian provinces, the reasons for which are not well understood. Our prior work has suggested that system-level factors may be contributing to these differences. Identifying these factors can help inform system-level interventions to increase LDKT. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to generate a systemic interpretation of LDKT delivery across provincial health systems with variable performance. We aim to identify the attributes and processes that facilitate the delivery of LDKT to patients, and those that create barriers and compare these across systems with variable performance. These objectives are contextualized within our broader goal of increasing rates of LDKT in Canada, particularly in lower-performing provinces. METHODS: This research takes the form of a qualitative comparative case study analysis of 3 provincial health systems in Canada that have high, moderate, and low rates of LDKT performance (the percentage of LDKT to all kidney transplantations performed). Our approach is underpinned by an understanding of health systems as complex adaptive systems that are multilevel and interconnected, and involve nonlinear interactions between people and organizations, operating within a loosely bounded network. Data collection will comprise semistructured interviews, document reviews, and focus groups. Individual case studies will be conducted and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Following this, our comparative analysis will operationalize resource-based theory to compare case study data and generate explanations for our research question. RESULTS: This project was funded from 2020 to 2023. Individual case studies were carried out between November 2020 and August 2022. The comparative case analysis will begin in December 2022 and is expected to conclude in April 2023. Submission of the publication is projected for June 2023. CONCLUSIONS: By investigating health systems as complex adaptive systems and making comparisons across provinces, this study will identify how health systems can improve the delivery of LDKT to patients with kidney failure. Our resource-based theory framework will provide a granular analysis of the attributes and processes that facilitate or create barriers to LDKT delivery across multiple organizations and levels of practice. Our findings will have practice and policy implications and help inform transferrable competencies and system-level interventions conducive to increasing LDKT. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/44172.

Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in Quebec: A Qualitative Case Study of Health System Barriers and Facilitators.

Background: Patients with kidney failure represent a major public health burden, and living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is the best treatment option for these patients. Current work to optimize LDKT delivery to patients has focused on microlevel interventions and has not addressed interdependencies with meso and macro levels of practice. Objective: We aimed to learn from a health system with historically low LDKT performance to identify facilitators and barriers to LDKT. Our specific aims were to understand how LDKT delivery is organized through interacting macro, meso, and micro levels of practice and identify what attributes and processes of this health system facilitate the delivery of LDKT to patients with kidney failure and what creates barriers. Design: We conducted a qualitative case study, applying a complex adaptive systems approach to LDKT delivery, that recognizes health systems as being made up of dynamic, nested, and interconnected levels, with the patient at its core. Setting: The setting for this case study was the province of Quebec, Canada. Participants: Thirty-two key stakeholders from all levels of the health system. This included health care professionals, leaders in LDKT governance, living kidney donors, and kidney recipients. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with 32 key stakeholders and a document review were undertaken between February 2021 and December 2021. Inductive thematic analysis was used to generate themes. Results: Overall, we identified strong links between system attributes and processes and LDKT delivery, and more barriers than facilitators were discerned. Barriers that undermined access to LDKT included fragmented LDKT governance and expertise, disconnected care practices, limited resources, and regional inequities. Some were mitigated to an extent by the intervention of a program launched in 2018 to increase LDKT. Facilitators driven by the program included advocacy for LDKT from individual member(s) of the care team, dedicated resources, increased collaboration, and training opportunities that targeted LDKT delivery at multiple levels of practice. Limitations: Delineating the borders of a "case" is a challenge in case study research, and it is possible that some perspectives may have been missed. Participants may have produced socially desirable answers. Conclusions: Our study systematically investigated real-world practices as they operate throughout a health system. This novel approach has cross-disciplinary methodological relevance, and our findings have policy implications that can help inform multilevel interventions to improve LDKT.

Contexte: Les patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale représentent un lourd fardeau pour la santé publique, et la transplantation rénale provenant d'un donneur vivant (TRDV) est la meilleure option de traitement pour ces patients. Les travaux actuels visant à optimiser la TRDV chez les patients ont été limités à des interventions de niveau micro et n'ont pas abordé les interdépendances avec les niveaux méso et macro de la pratique. Objectifs: Notre objectif était d'apprendre d'un système de santé présentant un taux historiquement bas de TRDV pour arriver à déterminer les facteurs qui constituent un facilitateur ou un frein à la TRDV. Plus précisément, nous souhaitions, par le biais d'interactions entre les niveaux macro, méso et micro de la pratique, comprendre la façon dont la TRDV est organisée. Nous souhaitions également déterminer quels attributs et processus du système de santé constituent des facilitateurs ou des freins à la TRDV pour les patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale. Conception: Nous avons appliqué une approche de systèmes adaptatifs complexes à la TRDV pour mener une étude de cas qualitative qui reconnaît que les systèmes de santé sont constitués de niveaux dynamiques, imbriqués et interconnectés, où le patient est au cœur des interventions. Cadre: Cette étude de cas avait pour cadre la province de Québec (Canada). Participants: 32 intervenants clés de tous les niveaux du système de santé, notamment des professionnels de la santé, des leaders impliqués dans la gestion de la TRDV, des donneurs vivants d'un rein et des receveurs de rein. Méthodologie: Des entrevues semi-structurées avec 32 intervenants clés et un examen des documents ont été entrepris entre février 2021 et décembre 2021. L'analyse thématique inductive a servi à générer les thèmes. Résultats: De façon générale, nous avons constaté qu'il existait des liens solides entre la TRDV et les attributs et processus du système, et que les obstacles étaient plus nombreux que les facilitateurs. Les obstacles freinant l'accès à la TRDV comprenaient la gouvernance et l'expertise fragmentées en lien avec la TRDV, les pratiques de soins déconnectées, les ressources limitées et les inégalités régionales. Certains de ces obstacles ont été atténués dans une certaine mesure par l'intervention d'un programme lancé en 2018 pour accroître la TRDV. Les facilitateurs soutenus par le programme comprenaient la promotion de la TRDV par des membres individuels de l'équipe de soins, la disponibilité de ressources dédiées, une collaboration accrue et les possibilités de formation ciblant la TRDV à plusieurs niveaux de pratique. Limites: La délimitation des frontières de ce que constitue un « cas ¼ est un défi dans la recherche d'études de cas; il est ainsi possible que certaines perspectives aient été manquées. Les participants pourraient avoir donné des réponses socialement souhaitables. Conclusion: Notre étude a examiné systématiquement les pratiques en contexte réel, tel qu'elles fonctionnent dans l'ensemble d'un système de santé. Cette nouvelle approche présente une pertinence méthodologique interdisciplinaire et nos conclusions ont des implications politiques qui pourraient aider à orienter des interventions à plusieurs niveaux pour améliorer la TRDV.

Addiction-like behaviour towards high-fat high-sugar food predicts relapse propensity in both obesity prone and obesity resistant C57BL/6 J mice.

Compulsive overeating of palatable food is thought to underlie some forms of obesity. Similarities are often observed in the behavioural symptomology and the neuropathophysiology underlying substance use disorder and compulsive overeating. As such, preclinical animal models which assess addiction-like behaviour towards food may assist the understanding of the neurobiology underlying overeating behaviour. Further, the relationship between these behaviours and the propensity for diet-induced obesity warrants examination. In this study we investigated the relationship between the propensity for diet-induced obesity (DIO) and addiction-like behaviour towards highly palatable food in C57BL/6 J mice as measured by a 3-criteria model. We also examined the extent to which performance on this 3-criteria model predicted two key hallmark features of addiction - resistance to extinction and relapse propensity (as measured by reinstatement of lever pressing). C57BL/6 J mice were allowed free access to a palatable diet for 8 weeks then separated by weight gain into DIO-prone and DIO-resistant subgroups. Access to palatable food was then restricted to daily operant self-administration sessions whereby addiction-like behaviour towards a high-fat high-sugar food reward was assessed using a 3-criteria model similar to that used to assess addiction-like behaviour towards drugs of abuse. In contrast to findings in rats, no difference in addiction-like behaviour towards food was observed between obesity prone (OP) and obesity resistant (OR) mice. Similarly, principal components analysis found no distinct patterns in the relationship between addiction-like behaviours across treatment groups. This suggests that the strain and species of rodent may be critical for studying the mechanisms underlying pathological overconsumption. Further analysis revealed that the extent of performance on the 3-criteria model correlated with the propensity for C57BL/6 J mice to both extinguish food seeking behaviour and "relapse" after a period of withdrawal. This finding was evident across all groups, regardless of DIO. Collectively, these data validate the 3-criteria model as a robust model to comprehensively assess food addiction-like behaviour in mice, regardless of prior food intake history.

Health system barriers and facilitators to living donor kidney transplantation: a qualitative case study in British Columbia.

BACKGROUND: In patients with kidney failure, living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is the best treatment option; yet, LDKT rates have stagnated in Canada and vary widely across provinces. We aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to LDKT in a high-performing health system. METHODS: This study was conducted using a qualitative exploratory case study of British Columbia. Data collection, conducted between October 2020 and January 2021, entailed document review and semistructured interviews with key stakeholders, including provincial leadership, care teams and patients. We recruited participants via purposive sampling and snowballing technique. We generated themes using thematic analysis. RESULTS: After analysis of interviews conducted with 22 participants (5 representatives from provincial organizations, 7 health care providers at transplant centres, 8 health care providers from regional units and 2 patients) and document review, we identified the following 5 themes as facilitators to LDKT: a centralized infrastructure, a mandate for timely intervention, an equitable funding model, a commitment to collaboration and cultivating distributed expertise. The relationship between 2 provincial organizations (BC Transplant and BC Renal Agency) was identified as key to enabling the mandate and processes for LDKT. Five barriers were identified that arose from silos between provincial organizations and manifested as inconsistencies in coordinating LDKT along the spectrum of care. These were divided accountability structures, disconnected care processes, missed training opportunities, inequitable access by region and financial burden for donors and recipients. INTERPRETATION: We found strong links between provincial infrastructure and the processes that facilitate or impede timely intervention and referral of patients for LDKT. Our findings have implications for policy-makers and provide opportunities for cross-jurisdictional comparative analyses.